Recent advances in molecular biology and host-parasite interactions in Cuscuta spp.

Abstract

Plants of the genus Cuscuta (Cuscutaceae) are holoparasitic angiosperms that completely depend on their host plants for water, nutrients, and signaling molecules. Lacking functional roots and chlorophyll, Cuscuta species attach to their hosts through specialized organs called haustoria, forming complex physiological and molecular connections. These parasites cause significant yield losses in a wide range of economically important crops, including legumes, solanaceous plants, and forages. Recent advances in molecular biology, genomics, and transcriptomics have greatly enhanced our understanding of Cuscuta–host interactions. The sequencing of the Cuscuta campestris genome revealed massive gene loss associated with photosynthesis and metabolism, alongside horizontally transferred genes acquired from host species. Multi-omics studies have uncovered a bidirectional exchange of macromolecules-messenger RNAs, small RNAs, and regulatory proteins-across the haustorial interface, enabling Cuscuta to manipulate host gene expression and suppress immune responses. These findings have highlighted the parasite’s sophisticated molecular strategies for host exploitation. Moreover, emerging approaches such as RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing offer promising tools for inducing host resistance and disrupting parasite gene function. Together, these molecular insights open new avenues for the development of early detection tools, biosurveillance systems, and sustainable management strategies against Cuscuta infestations.

Keywords: Cuscuta, plant parasitism, haustorium, transcriptomics, RNA interference, host-parasite interactions